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21.
An attempt is made to derive a measure for the degree of plant community organization, which would not be based on species co-occurrence and co-abundance. The use of the independent random distribution hypothesis (IRDH) is suggested for this purpose. The hypothesis is expected to be valid, if no deterministic phytosociological-structure-generating mechanism is present. If structural variability is used as a statistic for testing the hypothesis, deviances from the conditions of IRDH (species distributions are independent from each other, environmental gradients are lacking) will be attributable either to species interactions (smaller structural variability than expected), or to environmental heterogeneity (greater structural variability than expected). Structural variability is evaluated as the variance of species diversity, the indexN=exp(H') is used for measuring diversity. The precise measure of the degree of community organizationW is computed as the shift between two empirical distributions:D
* (VN) or Bootstrap distribution of variance of diversity in the community, andD
o (VN) or the random community variability distribution, which is evaluated after simulating the IRDH conditions.A satisfactory interpretation can be given to the results of evaluatingW for 11 data sets of 10 relevés each.Abbreviation IRDH
Independent random distribution hypothesis 相似文献
22.
Craig Loehle 《Plant Ecology》1988,79(3):109-115
Stability analysis of whole forests is proposed as a qualitative tool for the study of forest responses to partial or patchy harvests or mortality. Instead of modeling every tree or stand, aggregate tree biomass is modeled. In order to aggregate stands, spatial effects must be incorporated. It is shown that depensation growth responses (reduced growth at low biomass) are common because forests often modify harch environments to be more suitable for their growth. Depensation can result from thinning, partial mortality, patchy cutting, or clearcutting, depending on forest type and abiotic factors. Examples of these types of behaviors are given. Stability analysis of different growth regimes under exploitation are related to catastrophe theory and to optimal harvesting policies. Such qualitative analysis is shown to be applicable to data-poor regions such as the tropics where there is great concern over responses of forests to exploitation. 相似文献
23.
Georg Miehe 《Plant Ecology》1988,79(1-2):21-32
The vegetation of Mt Everest is described by means of the dominant plant formations and characteristic features of biotopes. Climatic data givenin connection with weather observations show evidence that the extreme asymmetry of the altitudinal vegetation belt on the south and north slope is induced by heavy rainfall on the south slope and the desiccating effect of the Himalaya föhn in the valleys of the north slope. Biotope shift from hypsozonal distribution on the south slope to extrazonal distribution on the north slope is described, the patterns of the actual timber line are discussed in order to reconstruct the natural upper forest limit, and regressive plant successions during the last 400 years of man's impact are summarized. The dominant vegetation pattern of the alpine belt is compared with that in the European Alps. On the arid north slope alpine steppe communities occur up to 5 500 m. The highest altitudinal vegetation belt and the highest plant communities at 5 960 m are dominated by periglacial processes. The highest records of flowering plants (6 100/6 200 m) and lichens (7 400 m) are discussed in light of the present knowledge on high-altitude vegetation ecology. 相似文献
24.
The gap theory in forest dynamics 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Shin-Ichi Yamamoto 《Journal of plant research》1992,105(2):375-383
Since the late 1970s, ecologists interested in forest dynamics have focused their attention to the responses of individuals,
populations and communities to “gaps” which are openings created in the forest canopy. This review intended to introduce some
collective knowledge on major subjects of the gap theory in forest dynamics, in relation to gap-disturbance regimes, tree
regeneration behaviour and community structure. 相似文献
25.
Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a healthy and a declining Picea abies forest in the Fichtelgebirge,NE Bavaria 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Summary Natural carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were measured in different compartments (needles and twigs of different ages and crown positions, litter, understorey vegetation, roots and soils of different horizons) on 5 plots of a healthy and on 8 plots of a declining Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest in the Fichtelgebirge (NE Bavaria, Germany), which has recently been described in detail (Oren et al. 1988a; Schulze et al. 1989). The 13C values of needles did not differ between sites or change consistently with needle age, but did decrease from the sun-to the shade-crown. This result confirms earlier conclusions from gas exchange measurements that gaseous air pollutants did no long-lasting damage in an area where such damage was expected. Twigs (13C between-25.3 and-27.8) were significantly less depleted in 13C than needles (13C between-27.3 and-29.1), and 13C in twigs increased consistently with age. The 15N values of needles ranged between-2.5 and-4.1 and varied according to stand and age. In young needles 15N decreased with needle age, but remained constant or increased in needles that were 2 or 3 years old. Needles from the healthy site were more depleted in 15N than those from the declining site. The difference between sites was greater in old needles than in young ones. This differentiation presumably reflects an earlier onset of nitrogen reallocation in needles of the declining stand. 15N values in twigs were more negative than in needles (-3.5 to-5.2) and showed age- and stand-dependent trends that were similar to the needles. 15N values of roots and soil samples increased at both stands with soil depth from-3.5 in the organic layer to +4 in the mineral soil. The 15N values of roots from the mineral soil were different from those of twigs and needles. Roots from the shallower organic layer had values similar to twigs and needles. Thus, the bulk of the assimilated nitrogen was presumably taken up by the roots from the organic layer. The problem of separation of ammonium or nitrate use by roots from different soil horizons is discussed. 相似文献
26.
Summary Interactions between quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) are likely to be influenced by leaf protein and phenolic glycoside levels, and insect detoxication activity. We investigated the direct and interactive effects of dietary protein and phenolic glycosides on larval performance and midgut enzyme activity of forest tent caterpillars. We conducted bioassays with six artificial diets, using both first and fourth stadium larvae. Four of the diets comprised a 2×2 factorial design-two levels of protein, each with and without phenolic glycosides. Additionally, we assayed high protein diets containing S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF, an esterase inhibitor) and DEF plus phenolic glycosides. Enzyme solutions were prepared from midguts of sixth instars and assayed for -glucosidase, esterase and glutathione transferase activities. First instar mortality and development times were higher for larvae on diets low in protein or containing phenolic glycosides. Effects of phenolic glycosides were especially pronounced at low protein levels and when administered with DEF. Fourth instar development times were prolonged, and growth rates reduced, in response to consumption of low protein diets. Effects of phenolic glycosides on growth were less pronounced, although the effect for larvae on the low protein diet was nearly significant. Activity of each of the enzyme systems was reduced in larvae reared on low protein diets, and esterase activity was induced in larvae fed phenolic glycosides. Our results suggest that larval performance may be strongly affected by levels of protein and phenolic glycosides commonly occurring in aspen foliage, and that these factors may play a role in differential defoliation of aspen by forest tent caterpillars. 相似文献
27.
Summary A re-examination of earlier NPK fertilization experiments in Douglas fir stands on sandy soils shows the effects of high nitrogen
input by air pollution during the last 10–15 years on plant nutrition at these sites. In 1960, experimental plots showed a
positive growth reaction to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization. All suffered from severe phosphorus deficiency
in 1984, low phosphorus in the needles was invariably accompanied by a high nitrogen content, with all N/P ratios between
20 and 30. The same conclusion emerges from an independent investigation of nutrient status of a selection of Douglas fir
stands. Hence, if stand productivity and a balanced nutrient status of the trees is to be maintained, the increase in atmospheric
input of nitrogen calls for supplementary fertilization. Given the current N/P ratios in the needles, a positive growth response
to phosphorus fertilization is to be expected. 相似文献
28.
29.
THE ELM DECLINE AT PAWLAW MIRE: AN ANTHROPOGENIC INTERPRETATION 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
30.
元江干热河谷山地五百年来植被变迁探讨 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13
元江河谷是云南省最干热地区之一,在海拔800—900米以下的山地上广泛分布着稀树灌草丛。根据《元江府志》(1714年编纂)、《元江州志》(1826年编纂)、《元江志稿》(1922年编篡)及对现存植被的考察,本文探讨了元江干热河谷山地五百年来植被的变迁。 元江县森林复盖率的减少与人口的增加有密切关系,十七世纪中期以前,森林复盖率在75%以上,十八、十九世纪时为70%左右,1958年为61.5%,1975年为27.3%,至1982年则为19.3%。研究表明,在十九世纪以前,这个地区分布的主要植被是热带季雨林,甚而热带季节雨林,以后热带稀树灌草丛则迅速发展。植被的历史变化与土壤流失密切相关。植物群落的演变是由以乔木树种为优势演变为以灌木种类为优势,再演变为以多年生草木植物为优势,而最后则成为裸地。本文也讨论了这个地区植被恢复的方法。 相似文献